1 PETER 2.1
So put away all malice and all
deceit and hypocrisy and envy and all slander.
Keep in mind that when 1 Peter was originally
written, there were no chapter breaks or verses. While the later addition of
such divisions certainly helps us find what we’re looking for, a downside is
that it can keep us from following the entirety of the argument when chapter
breaks are included right down the middle of a letter’s flow. Think of it like
this: the entire letter is a river that may very well have off-branching streams
and tributaries and islands jutted about; but erecting a dam right across the
river’s breadth can stifle the current and send it in foreign directions.
Chapter breaks work like that sometimes, and mentally removing them as we
continue through the letter will make the river flow as it’s meant to. What
Peter writes now isn’t detached from what’s come before in Chapter 1; there’s
no new argument, no new topic, just the continuation of an unbroken current.
Peter
utilizes what’s called a “vice list,” a common Greek tool whereby one throws
together a bunch of negative traits, creating a “list” of vices. It’s quite
simple, really. He uses the word “So” to say that because of everything we’ve seen previously (specifically 1.23-25,
which has as its centerpiece the fact that Christians are regenerate human
beings, “born again”), the Christians in Asia Minor are to throw off like
raggedy and moth-eaten garments the vices listed. There’s more to it than that,
as we’ll see, but as we continue to explore this verse, the main point of it all cannot be missed.
Surfing
through the New Testament (as one is prone to do nowadays with the convenience
of the bible on the internet, on IPhones, and IPADS), it’s easy to look at all
the vices scattered through the bible as being chosen not for any particular
reason but simply yanked out of some cerebral bucket and splashed into the
letters without any reason or rhyme. A closer inspection will often reveal,
however, that the vices listed aren't so random as we might think.
Remember:
What was St. Peter just talking about?
“Regeneration,” you reply; and you’d be correct. His inclusion of this vice
list works on two different levels, both working together in simultaneous
rhythm. The vices he chooses are chosen with purpose, building upon the subject
of regeneration; and the nature of the command itself (i.e. the language Peter
uses) speaks to a concrete Christian practice which carried more meaning back
then than it generally carries today. We’ll start with the latter: baptism.
The Baptismal Echo. Never forget that these letters
weren’t written with us in mind.
Those things included—the explicit, the inferred, the echoed and the
implied—are written for the original intended audience (here, the Christians in
Asia Minor). The manner in which letters are written, and the ways that ancient
writers would convey information, are different not just because of vast
historical and cultural distances but also because the nature of letters
themselves has changed. Ancient letter-writers (such as St. Peter) knew how to
convey information in subtle ways which the original audience would immediately
pick up on but which we modern folk, especially those of us who are westerners,
will never see without some assistance from scholars, historians, and
archaeologists. Thanks to recent work in these fields, this text has very
recently come to life in all its glory, and it comes back to the early
Christian practice of baptism.
Because
St. Peter will come to baptism again, we won’t spend too much time on the
subject here. Suffice it to say that baptism wasn’t a peripheral practice in
the Christian communities as it is today. Baptism was a centerpiece of the
Christian faith and practice, and it carried worlds of meaning, serving the
Christian community in a variety of ways. Its importance is seen in the fact
that it is baptism to which Christians are pointed to when they’re commanded to
live as Christians should, and it’s also the moment wherein a person partakes
in Christ’s death and resurrection. In the early church, baptism had past,
present, and future aspects: as a past event, baptism is where a person
participated in Christ’s death and resurrection to be born again into a new
creation; as a present reality, baptism serves as an assurance of our salvation
as well as a reference point for how we’re supposed to live our lives (since,
in baptism, we were born again); and baptism points forward to the future, when
what happened in baptism (regeneration) will be fully realized with our
ultimate glorification. Suffice it to say, baptism was a pretty big deal, and
this can’t be missed.
That
Peter has baptism in mind is seen in his use of the phrase “put away” (rendered
“put off”, “cast aside,” “put aside,” etc. in different translations). This
isn’t just a clever little play on words but an echo of the baptismal ceremony.
In the early church, converts would shed all their clothes—yes, all of them—and then be baptized, rising
out of the water to be dressed in a white robe. Even the word he uses,
translated “putting away”, literally means “to shed off one’s clothes.” The
changing of clothes speaks to deeper realities than mere garments: the
Christian has participated in Christ’s death and resurrection, and the result
isn’t just a changed status but also the demand for a changed lifestyle.
Putting aside the dirty garments of their paganism, the Gentile converts
embraced the Christian modus vivendi,
symbolized in the changing of garments. That baptism lies at the heart of all
this is seen in how St. Paul directly connects this “putting on/off” with
baptism in Galatians 3.27; and later on in the letter, as we shall see, Peter
uses the Greek word that corresponds to “laying aside” when talking about
baptism (3.21).
It
simply cannot be missed: Peter’s pointing the Christians back to their baptism,
reminding them of both what happened there in the metaphysical realm and that
which was symbolized by the changing of clothes. His point is that now that
they’ve participated in Christ’s death and resurrection, they are now to live
as regenerate, born again human beings (St. Paul has the same sort of thing to
say in Romans 6).
The Genesis 3
Echo. In 1.23-25 Peter brings to the
forefront of the Christians’ minds their regeneration; in 2.1, with
regeneration not tossed aside, he points the Christians to their baptism as a
referent point for both the kind of
life they’re to live (dead-to-sin resurrection lives, since they’ve
participated, in a very real and concrete way, in Christ’s death and
resurrection) as well as the reason
they’re to obey his command: they’ve been
baptized, they’re born again, so therefore they need to cast off these vices.
The vices Peter chooses aren’t just grabbed at random: they epitomize not
simply the human condition outside of regeneration but also point back to a
pivotal story in the Judeo-Christian worldview: The Fall.
All the vices Peter lists are vices we
see at work in the story of mankind’s fall in Genesis 3. That text is all about
what happened when mankind decided they were going to overthrow God and take
his throne (while a literal rendering of the story looks wildly different, the
symbolism and imagery gives way to a much fuller, common-sense, and tragic
rendering of the tale). This isn’t the place to get into all that, but Peter
looks back to the Fall in choosing his vices, all of which were present in the
“initial rebellion”, if you will:
Malice:
hostility towards the creator in the desire to dethrone him.
Deceit:
the act of hiding, the birthplace of
lying; what we see when Adam and Eve seek to cover their nakedness.
Hypocrisy:
seeking innocence before God, both Adam and Eve shifted blame off themselves,
finger-pointing and scapegoating to try and get themselves out of the hole (or
should we say grave?) they’d dug.
Envy:
the basic human sin coating the narrative like a microbial film; this is the
desire to usurp God and take his place. Mankind envied God’s authority and
power, and the initial temptation wasn’t a temptation for knowledge but one of God-like
status (“You will be like God,” the serpent promised).
Slander:
a sin employed by all involved (except God, of course), as all the characters
resorted to slandering one another to keep their own name pure.
“And what is the point of all this?”
All these are characteristics of the rebellious heart, the source of our fall
from “the glory of God” (genuine human being status) as well as the continuing
well from which we drink in our fallen-ness, the engine pushing our
dehumanization. Shedding off these things is the act of embracing our redeemed
status, our act of living as genuine human beings. Christians are to shed off
such ways of living, embracing a new sort of living, the sort of living God
originally intended for us. Of course, this “putting away” is something we are
to do daily; it’s not a one-time event, for these aspects of the rebellious
heart are woven deep into the fabric of who we are.
All these vices listed are common to
all people. Those things which we see at work in the Garden thrive in our own
hearts. Don’t for a moment skim through the vices and think, Oh, okay, I’m not any of those things
anymore. Malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, slander… The Greek philosophers
knew very well that these things dwelling in our hearts drive our lives, and
they give birth to all sorts of evils and chaos and pains, both in our lives
and in the lives of others. These are characteristic to the human condition, to
human beings enslaved to sin, and being redeemed from sin doesn’t mean these
things are immediately yanked from our hearts; it means that now we have the power
of the Spirit, so that we can overcome them as we deepen our roots in Christ
and develop in our ability and desire to live as genuine human beings.